二十多年前,
一位菜鳥醫師被長官要求把一具屍體的腎和肝取下,
其實,當下那人還活著。
如今,他流亡海外,成為中共活摘器官的證人,
要讓世人知道中國少數民族受壓迫的真相。
二○○九年,加拿大亞太司前司長喬高(David Kilgour)和加拿大籍人權律師麥塔斯(David Matas)正在英國巡迴介紹兩人合著的新書《血淋淋的器官移植》(Bloody Harvesting)——一本關於中國活摘器官的調查。一場新書座談結束前,兩人感嘆所能掌握到的活摘器官直接證據,還是太稀少了。
語畢,一隻手越過聽眾腦袋舉了起來,「我做過活摘器官。」手的主人是名叫安華托帝.博格達(Enver Tohti Bughda)的維吾爾族(以下簡稱維族)公車司機。
來到英國前,他曾在新疆烏魯木齊鐵路局中心醫院擔任腫瘤外科醫師,「那天我也不知怎麼,就舉起手了。」自此,他成為活摘器官的證人,在歐洲、聯合國等議會講述證言,並揭露中國少數民族受壓迫的狀況。
說起活摘器官的那段經歷,雖是二十多年前的事,但頂著稀疏白髮的安華托帝,未遺漏一絲細節。
延伸閱讀: 60萬醫學生,僅10萬人披白袍…中國年輕人為何不願當醫生?
被載進刑場 活摘二腎一肝
一九九五年的某個周二熱天午後,任職於烏魯木齊鐵路局中心醫院的安華托帝,被兩位主任醫師找去,「問我想不想做一些『很野』的事。」三十出頭的他,沒細想便連聲說好,「那時年輕,當然想嘗試各種事嘛。」
隨後,主任醫師要他找護理長準備一份出勤時的手術器材包,再聯繫兩名助手和車輛,約好隔日上午九點半在醫院門口會合。隔天一早在集合地點,主任醫師喚著安華托帝等人上車,跟著前車出發。
「烏魯木齊有四家醫院,其中一家叫作西山醫院,我們走的方向是前往西山,當時我想大概是要去西山醫院協助手術。」但車子半路卻拐了彎,駛進山裡,讓安華托帝和兩位助手面面相覷,疑惑究竟要被帶往何方,「我們都搞不清楚到底要去哪裡,但司機知道,他說我們要去『西山刑場』。」一句話讓安華托帝驚駭不已,「怎麼要把我們載去刑場了?」
進了山裡,車子停在山丘上,「主任醫師要我們在那兒等著,等到聽見槍響便進去。」安華托帝緊張得不得了,一邊抽菸一邊枯等。一陣槍響,「不是一把槍,是好幾把一起開槍的那種聲音。」一行人再次上車,被載進刑場。
「裡面躺著好幾具屍體,子彈從後頸打進去,前面天靈蓋都打飛了。」安華托帝用手比畫一下自己的前額,「警察看著我們,叫我們往最右邊去,『那個是你們的』。我心裡害怕,什麼叫作『我們的』?但我不敢問。」
主任醫師站在最右邊的屍體旁,要安華托帝「用最快的速度,把屍體的兩個腎和一個肝取下。」和其他屍體不同,安華托帝注意到這具屍體的槍擊位置是在胸膛而非後頸,下刀後,血還汩汩地流,「我當下知道那人還活著,心臟還沒停,所以血還在流動。」
切除的腎和肝被仔細包裝,安華托帝則被載回醫院,臨走前主管告誡他一句,「記住,什麼事也沒發生。」之後再沒人提起這事。
「這件事困擾了我很久, 每次到清真寺,我都會幫這人祈禱,告訴他我不是故意的。」一九九九年後,宗教團體法輪功成員不斷向世界訴說遭中國迫害,甚至活摘器官的經歷,「其實法輪功之前,中國就已有活摘器官的事,也不只針對法輪功成員。」安華托帝說道。
九八年,安華托帝開始流亡,輾轉從土耳其逃往英國。選擇離開故鄉,因為那一年,他協助兩名英國Channel 4(第四頻道公司)記者,拍攝一部關於新疆疑似因核試驗導致大量罹癌的紀錄片——《絲綢之路上的死亡》。拍攝結束後,他知道自己非走不可。
參與紀錄片 報導核輻射致癌
參與紀錄片拍攝,是另一樁人生的巧合。「九四年左右,我發現我們醫院裡,少數民族的患者中,罹癌比率特別高;且集中在血癌、肺癌、淋巴癌與甲狀腺癌。」腫瘤外科醫師的專業告訴安華托帝,這四種癌症與放射性物質相關,因此他開始蒐集相關病例資料,試圖釐清放射汙染與新疆人罹癌之間的關聯性。
九六年,安華托帝離開原本的醫院,轉往烏茲別克工作,隨後再到土耳其伊斯坦堡醫院任職。有一天,土耳其的維族組織找上他,說有兩名英國記者在土耳其蒐集新疆癌症相關資訊,想介紹雙方認識。
「我們談了三天,之後這兩位記者說下次再來找我。隔沒多久,他們回來,另外帶了一位攝影師和醫師,希望能去新疆拍攝。」由於安華托帝原本就關心這項議題,當場答應協助。
一行人回到新疆,喬裝成遊客進行祕密拍攝,「我們還特意先去和公安打招呼,說我們是來旅遊的,人生地不熟,如果出事了可得請公安多多關照。」安華托帝笑著眨了眨眼。
長達六周的拍攝時間,最後剪輯成大約半小時的影片,紀錄片裡,安華托帝和其他人兵分二路。英國記者前往核試驗場地鄰近的村落,蒐集輻射所遺留的傷害——先天性畸形兒和癌症病人;他們還找到南疆的醫師出面作證,談論新疆癌症罹患率過高,血癌和淋巴癌比率占多數,且罹病的患者,大多是孩子。
安華托帝則謊稱要為博士論文蒐集資料,潛入醫療機構搜尋與癌症相關的內部文件。最後發現一份內部統計報告指出,新疆從七○年代後,癌症發病率逐年攀升;到九○年代,新疆罹癌率高出中國其他內陸城市三○%,尤其淋巴癌比率最為突出,該文件也間接證明當地因輻射而造成危害。
紀錄片拍完,「我知道這裡是待不住了,因為紀錄片裡,我是有露臉的。」安華托帝決心逃離故鄉後,假借帶家人旅遊,一家子出了門,隔天他再獨自悄悄搭機到土耳其。
九八年底,安華托帝在土耳其經朋友介紹,認識了一位台灣中央社的記者,對方得知他協助拍這麼一部紀錄片,啞然失笑直稱他大膽。
回不了故鄉 被子女「恨過」
一個月後,安華托帝收到這名中央社記者給他的傳真,「傳真內容是關於中國與土耳其預備簽署罪犯相互遣返的協議。」安華托帝看了之後,驚覺待在土耳其恐怕也不再安全,隨即申請了旅遊簽證前往英國。一到英國海關,他便向警方自首,申請難民證,從此留在英國,以公車司機為業。
安華托帝離開中國後,留在故鄉的親人並不好受,兒子和女兒得先登報脫離親子關係,「免得將來考上大學,卻因為政治審查過不了關,念不得好學校。」中國政府也找上他父母,要他雙親勸他回國,「還跟我媽媽說,我回去絕對不會有什麼事。」說完,他忍不住冷哼一聲。
流亡九年後,安華托帝才終於見到女兒;十八年後,兒子申請到國外的學校,兩人才有機會重聚;其間老父過世,他也沒能回去見上最後一面。問起孩子是否恨過他?安華托帝伸手抹了抹臉,「恨過。」
兒子直到看了《絲綢之路上的死亡》,才終於體會父親當初離家的無奈。
近年中國對維族的控制越見嚴苛,二○一四年起出現的新疆「再教育營」大量關押維族人,外媒披露,營中除了以愛國思想洗腦,還逼迫伊斯蘭教的維族人食用豬肉,各種違反人權的行徑,引發國際關注。安華托帝則以親身經歷四處發表證言,將維族的處境公諸於世。
「中國政府的敵人是那些不信仰共產主義的人,像是維族、藏族和基督徒,他們有自己的宗教,當然成了國家的敵人。」針對維族的高壓統治一直都在,安華托帝年幼時,便曾見父親也二度被帶去「政治學習班」矯正思想,「只是當年規模還沒那麼大,而如今中國做得更全面了。」
只有在路上,才可能有自由,但那代價卻是無盡的鄉愁。問他是否想念故鄉,曾經動刀的手再度抹了抹臉,「哎喲,你別問我這問題,你一問我就想哭。」
安華托帝.博格達
(Enver Tohti Bughda)(圖片/蕭芃凱攝影)

出生:1963年
現職:英國維吾爾協會負責人、英國公車司機
經歷:•烏魯木齊鐵路局中心醫院腫瘤外科醫師
•1995年親身經歷器官活摘
•1998年協助英國Channel 4記者拍攝紀錄片《絲綢之路上的死亡》
學歷:新疆石河子醫學院

▲ 成為活摘器官見證人後,安華托帝(左)與調查中國活摘器官、
著有《屠宰》的葛特曼(Ethan Gutmann)成為好友。(圖片/葛特曼提供)
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