歐洲公司正在中國的「露天監獄」發大財

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新疆人/调查报告

BENJAMIN HAAS2019年8月22日

MARTA MONTEIRO

[《紐約時報》推出每日中文簡報，為你介紹時報當日的重點英文報導，並推薦部分已被譯成中文的精選內容。新讀者請點擊此處訂閱，或發送郵件至cn.letters@nytimes.com加入訂閱。]柏林——世界各地的許多人也許現在才了解到，大約有100萬維吾爾族穆斯林和其他少數民族被關在中國西部新疆地區的法外拘禁營中。這可以理解：新疆很遙遠，而且中國政府在隱瞞這個消息上下了很大功夫，從騷擾外國記者到扣押活動人士的家屬，再加上境內的信息審查。但是，赫伯特·迪斯(Herbert Diess)不應該有任何藉口。迪斯是大眾汽車(Volkswagen)的總裁。大眾汽車2013年在新疆建了一家工廠，雇了近700名當地工人，每年最多可生產5萬輛汽車。今年4月，迪斯在接受英國廣播公司(BBC)採訪時說，他沒聽說過新疆有再教育營或穆斯林少數民族被大規模拘禁的事情，儘管他公司的工廠距離四個這樣的拘禁中心車程不到90分鐘。（大眾汽車發布了一份新聲明稱，公司確實知道新疆維吾爾人受到的待遇，公司致力於人權。）

其他首席執行官們和董事會主席們用了什麼藉口呢？
我發現，歐洲最大的150家公司中，有約一半在被國際特赦組織(Amnesty International)稱為「露天監獄」的新疆有某種形式的存在。這些公司的投資應該得到監管機構和公眾更多認真徹底的審查，歐洲各國政府也需要為企業在新疆做生意制定標準。在應受徹底審查的公司名單上，排名第一的是西門子(Siemens)。這家德國大型企業集團與中國電子科技集團公司（簡稱「中國電科」）在自動化、數位化和網路等方面的先進技術上有合作，中國電科是一家國有軍事承包商，研發了一款在新疆使用的警務應用軟體，據人權觀察組織(Human Rights Watch)說，該應用導致一些人被送進了拘禁營。西班牙電信企業Telefónica與中國聯通成立的一家合資企業似乎在使用大數據對人進行跟蹤。該合資企業在推銷中稱這款軟體是用於發送基於位置的廣告或跟蹤公共交通使用情況，儘管公司說軟體所搜集的數據不含個人信息，但我看到的一個內部演示中似乎顯示了每個手機用戶的獨特識別號碼。據一個演示稱，不難看出新疆當局能怎樣使用此類軟體來實時跟蹤少數民族，而且，該軟體已在該地區投入使用。
其他企業的投資與維吾爾族人口受到的虐待沒有這麼直接的聯繫。德國國有銀行KfW為新疆首府烏魯木齊一條地鐵線的建設提供了1億歐元（合7.84億元人民幣）的資金，建設中使用了來自瑞士工程公司ABB和歐洲飛機製造商空中巴士國防航天(Airbus Defense and Space)提供的部件，這條地鐵已於2018年開通。聯合利華(Unilever)和雀巢(Nestle)都從新疆的一家國有企業購買番茄產品，這些產品可能最終會出現在歐洲各地廚房裡的番茄醬中。這兩家公司都沒有回覆關於如何使用新疆進口產品的問題。儘管這項研究並沒有發現歐洲企業與拘禁營之間有任何直接關係，但我與德國高管的交談顯示，大多數企業的總部對公司在新疆的業務如何運作知之甚少。
中國政府長期以來一直在推動西部大開發，一方面是為了加強西部地區與中國其他地區的聯繫，另一方面也是希望經濟發展將減少對宗教的遵守，以及對基本自由的渴望。在某些情況下，歐洲企業被強迫在新疆開展業務，作為它們在中國其他地區擴張的條件。法國連鎖超市家樂福(Carrefour)就是一個例子。家樂福是在收到了中國官員的「強烈建議」後，才在新疆開設店面的。其他歐洲的高管告訴我，他們也收到過類似的信息。中國對投資的渴望給予了與新疆地區有關的外國企業——以及歐洲的各國政府——實實在在的權力。現在，他們需要使用這個權力。歐盟應該通過立法，為在新疆有業務的企業制定標準，通過對企業供應鏈中是否有任何部分涉及拘禁營的勞動、企業的利潤最終到了中國什麼部門，以及企業的產品和技術被如何使用進行審計，懲罰那些未能達到歐洲人權理念的公司。如果所有歐盟成員國不能就監管達成一致的話，這個責任應該由成員國的議會來承擔，尤其是像德國這樣與新疆有廣泛業務往來的國家。這些標準應該適用於任何一家歐洲公司，而不僅僅是大型跨國企業，它的強大影響力將超出新疆。作為初步措施，被發現違反這些標準的公司可被禁止參與政府合同的競標，進一步的懲罰可包括罰款和向公司派駐政府指定的監察員。歐盟還需要馬上採取強制措施，禁止可能用於鎮壓異見人士和宗教少數民族的技術出口。商界領導人和政客們對在中國侵犯人權問題上直接與中國對峙的想法往往感到惱火，他們擔心採取強硬立場可能會危及未來的交易。然而，儘管中國可能會發表聲明譴責這種做法，並威脅停止從批評中國的國家購買產品，但正陷入經濟放緩和中美貿易戰中的中國不太可能準備再打另一場經濟戰。歐洲的對華出口可能會受到衝擊，或者作為一種懲罰措施，中國監管機構可能會對歐洲企業展開調查。但這些行動只會進一步孤立中國，而中國知道它需要所有穩定的經濟關係。儘管採取這種行動肯定會引發大量的外交抗議和官方報紙上大話連篇的社論，但中國國家主席習近平承擔不起因與中國最大的貿易夥伴歐盟發生政治爭端而進一步破壞經濟穩定的後果。出於以上林林總總的原因，歐盟必須現在行動起來，捍衛自己的價值觀，利用與中國的經濟關係向中國施壓，迫使中國結束當今世界上最嚴重的侵犯人權行為之一。假裝無知不再是一種選擇。

Benjamin Haas是柏林墨卡托中國研究中心(Mercator Institute for China Studies)的訪問學者。

翻譯：Cindy Hao

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