中共屠杀各族大众实录

7月1日,是中国共产党成立周年日。在共产主义走向全面崩溃的今天,中共仍垄断着全世界人口最多的国家的权力。不少人期待这个党能够进行政治改革,把中国引向民主自由的道路。且不说在国际共产运动中,没有任何一个共产政权是主动放弃权力、放弃专制而走向民主的(东欧的全部共产政权,包括苏联,都是被人民推翻,而后建立的民主政府);且不说共产运动中是否会产生异数,中共是否有这种愿望和能力,仅以它建党以来,尤其是在中国建政之后,以政权的力量使八千万人非正常死亡这一事实,中共就绝对没有资格继续执政,而应接受历史的审判。

我不是研究中共党史的专家,也不是研究共产运动造成大众死亡的学者。只是作为中共专制下的一个幸存者,今天生活在西方自由世界,得以阅读多种书刊,把其中提及的中共造成大众死亡的资料等资料随手记了下来。

把这些资料综述在这里,一是通过这些数据(在中共建党周年之际),促使那些对中共仍存幻想的人有所思考和醒悟;二是抛砖引玉,期待有心的中国人把各自了解到的中共杀人数字也写出来,零星资料聚到一起,逐步拼出一份中共杀人数字的总体图,有一天也像法国人写出那部揭示共产运动杀人记录的《共产主义黑皮书》一样,写出一部《中共黑皮书》。

一、中共建政初期(1950到1955年)

中共自1921年成立,就伴随着内部清洗、外部残杀。30年代初镇压内部江西AB团(杀了很多人),40年代延安整风时枪杀作家王实味等,都是著名的例子。

中共大规模地杀害平民则是在它获得执政权力之后。在50年代初的“土改、镇反”、“三反五反”中,就有大批中国人被处决或迫害致死。

据美国哥伦比亚大学政治学教授、中国问题专家黎安友(Andrew J. Nathan)在《中国的民主》(Chinese Democracy)一书中的数字:50年代初期,中国有二千万人被打成“地富反坏”份子。

前《纽约时报》驻北京采访主任纪思道(Nicholas Kristof)和伍洁芳(Sheryl WuDunn)合着的《中国觉醒了》(China Wakes)中说:“据中共前公安部长罗瑞卿提交的报告估算,从1948年到1955年,有400万人被处决。”

据前《华盛顿邮报》驻北京记者邵德廉(Daniel Southerland)在该报发表的调查性报导“毛时代的大众死亡”(Mass Death in Mao’s China,1994年7月17和18日连载)中的数字:被杀“地主”为100万至400万之间;被杀“反革命”及对国民政府同情者为100万以上;迫害基督教徒和1953年的“肃反”,至少使几十万人丧生。

据法国学者考特斯和克雷默编写的《共产主义黑皮书》一书(Stephane Courtois &Mark Kramer:The Black Book of Communism):“从1950到1957年,中共的城市清算斗争造成100多万人异常死亡。”

据1996年中共中央党史研究室等四个部门合编的《建国以来历史政治运动事实》的报告(香港《争鸣》杂志1996年10月号刊发了摘要):从1949年初到1952年2月份两个阶段进行的“镇反”中,镇压了反革命份子157万6千1百多人,其中87万3千6百余人被判死刑。

该报告还说:在1953年的“三反五反”中,有32万3千1百余人被逮捕,280余人自杀或失踪;在1955年“反胡风运动”中,有5千余人被牵连,5百余人被逮捕,60余人自杀身亡,12人非正常死亡;在随后的“肃反”运动中,有2万1千3百余人被判死刑,4千3百余人自杀或失踪。

从上述数字推算,这个期间的非正常死亡数字,起码在中共党史研究室报告提到的(合计)90万零2千人,到罗瑞卿估算的400万之间,或更多。

二、中共建政第二期(50年代中期的反右运动)

据北京“朝华出版社”1993年出版的《中国“左”祸》一书中的数字:在“反右”中,共有55万2973人被打成“右派”。至该书出版时,上述全部右派仅有96人没有“平反”。中共当局坚持“反右”是对的,仅承认“扩大化”了。如以96人没有平反来计算,那等于“扩大化”了5700倍!

据上述1996年中共中央党史研究室等部门合编的报告:“在整个反右运动中,有201万3300余人被定为右派、右倾份子和右派边际份子(即不戴帽右派),有72700多人被逮捕,有22100余人自杀,3500余人非正常死亡或失踪。”

从这份中共报告可以看出,在反右运动中被迫害的人多达200万,而且几乎全部是知识人。以五十年代中期中国仅有500多万知识份子的比例来算,当时有40%的知识份子被迫害,致死人数达0.5%。

三、中共建政第三期(1959到1963年)

从1959年下半年到1962年底,中国人口普查数字显示,人口急剧下降。中共当局把人口下降归于所谓“三年自然灾害”——粮食减产导致的饥荒造成。但近来越来越多的内部资料和海外研究证实,这是一场“人祸”,是政策错误导致,而且死亡数据相当惊人。

西方较早提出具体数字的是美国人口普查局统计学者班尼斯特博士(Judith Bannister)80年代初的报告《中国变化中的人口》(China’s Changing Population),该报告根据中国历年出生率和死亡率推算出:“在中共大跃进政策失败后三年灾害期间,因饥饿死亡了3千万人。”

据原《纽约时报》副总编辑索尔兹伯里(Harrison E. Salisbury)1985年所著的《新长征》(The Long March:The Untold Story)一书中的数字:“60年代初中国因饥饿死亡了2千7百万人。”

据专门研究共产国家异常死亡人数的美国夏威夷大学政治系教授拉梅尔(Rudolph. J. Rummel)在《华尔街日报》(1986年7月7日)发表的“战争并非本世纪的最大杀手”(War Isn’t This Century’s Biggest Killer)一文中的数字:“毛泽东时代,有2千7百万人死于饥饿。”

1996年,前英国《卫报》记者,香港英文《南华早报》驻北京采访主任贝克尔(Jasper Becker)的专著《饿鬼:中国的秘密饥荒》(Hungry Ghosts:China’s Secret Famine)在伦敦出版。该书首次对中国60年代初死于饥饿人数进行了大量采访和研究。贝克尔曾前往中国几个省份查看了“地方志”,并通过私人关系看到了一些中共有关档,进行了第一手察访,因而该书资料翔实,有很多首次公布的资料。

根据贝克尔的采访调查,当时所以出现饥荒,主要原因为一是大跃进时九千万人大炼钢铁,没有照顾农田;二是大跃进谎报粮食产量,导致当局相信农村有足够粮食,不仅不发粮,还仍按谎报产量推算的数字征购粮食;三是当出现粮荒时,北京决策者认为是漏网右派造谣,农民藏粮反对共产党,因而继续用强制手段征粮,并镇压说饿的农民,禁止村民外逃找粮。

该书引述中国问题专家、美国乔治华盛顿大学埃略特国际事务学院教授沈大卫(David Shambaugh)的专著《怎样当上总理:赵紫阳在省级工作的经历》(The Making of a Premier:Zhao Ziyang’s Provincial Career)说,1959年在广东省委负责农村工作的赵紫阳曾为此召开会议,认定粮荒是因为农民把粮食藏起来所致,因此赵紫阳发起“反藏粮运动”,派出工作组到乡下,按家按户、翻箱倒柜、挖地找藏粮。由此导致“大批地方干部被清洗,自杀,和被批判。”

沈大卫在他的这本赵紫阳传中说,毛泽东听到有饿死人的消息时,不相信有粮荒,认为是漏网右派造谣,阶级敌人破坏。1959年2月毛泽东收到赵紫阳从广东递交的认定农民藏粮导致饥荒的报告后,“十分高兴”,认为他的判断得到证实。

这场人为饥荒导致大规模死亡,贝克尔的书揭示,其中河南、安徽、四川、甘肃、贵州等五个省最为严重。仅河南省就有780万人饿死,该省很多乡镇的饿死率达20-30%,仅在西县镇(译音Xixian County),就有639个村子由于饿死和逃走,成为空村,死亡人数达10万人。该省信阳地区1958年有人口800万,结果400万人饿死,死亡率达50%,是当时中国饿死率最高的地区。

该书提供的安徽省情况是:“根据中国政府1989年出版的《安徽人口统计年鉴》的数字,当时安徽有3千3百万人,结果死于饥饿237万人。其中最严重的是凤阳县,有5千1百人饿死(该书还引用华人学者丁抒的专著《人祸》中的数字:凤阳饿死9万人),孤儿达3304个(多数在10岁以下)。”

该书说“在凤阳,面对饥荒,中共干部认为是阶级敌人破坏,对声称饥饿、以及被怀疑藏粮的农民进行迫害包括活埋、用绳子勒死、割鼻子等器官……被迫害人数达2万8千零26人,其中441人被酷刑致死,383人终生残废,被关进监狱的2千多人中,有382人死在狱中。据凤阳县文件,当地一位名叫赵传居(译音Zhao Chuanju)的副大队长,一个人就打死了30个农民。”

后来流传到海外的中共官方“凤阳报告”(陈振亚于1961年2月根据该县各乡上报的资料写成,载香港《开放》杂志1994年3月号):该县饿死6万零245人(接近该县农村人口的五分之一),8404户全家饿死,出现603起吃人事件(当地人说,那时只要看到谁家的烟囱冒火,一定是在煮人肉)。

《饿鬼》中提到甘肃的数字是:“甘肃省当时有1200万人口,最低估计有69万6千人饿死。据对这个省做过调查的原中共国务院体改所所长陈一咨的估算,该省饿死人数有120万。曾陪同汪锋到甘肃视察的中共官员钱英(译音Qian Ying)自传中的数字是甘肃饿死了130万人。”贝克尔在中国得到的其它资料显示,甘肃有300万人死于饥饿。

该书提到贵州省时说:“当时该省有1600万人口,约有100万人死于饥饿。其中遵义地区(中共长征时在此召开著名的遵义会议),八个人中仅有一个幸存。”

四川是中国人口最多的省份,饿死人比例也相当惊人。该书引述美国人口普查局统计学者班尼斯特的报告说:“1957年底四川有人口7千2百16万,到1964年中期,下降到6千9百零1万,下降比例为0.91%。据中国人口统计学者彭子哲(译音Peng Zizhe)的估算,四川饿死了900万人,仅在宜宾地区,就饿死了100万。”贝克尔自己的调查估算数字是,四川饿死人数在700到900万之间。

仅上述五个省——河南(饿死780万)、安徽(饿死230万)、甘肃(饿死130万)、贵州(饿死100万)、四川(饿死900万)的统计估算,就有2千1百40万人死亡。

据哈佛大学教授马若德(Roderick MacFarquhar,中国译为麦克法夸尔)的专著《文革史之三:1961到1966年的大灾难》(The Origins of the Cultural Revolution 3:the Coming of the Cataclysm 1961-1966)中的数字:“1958到1961年之间的饥荒,是历史上最严重的人为饥荒,是人类的大灾难……超过3千万人被饿死。”

据前述法国学者考特斯和克雷默编写的《共产主义黑皮书》一书中的数字:“1958年毛泽东发动的大跃进,导致人类史上最大规模的饥荒期,据估计造成了2千万到4千3百万人死亡。”

前《纽约时报》副总编辑索尔兹伯里在1992年出版了专著《新皇帝们毛和邓时代的中国》(The New Emperors:China in the Era of Mao and Deng)。索尔兹伯里曾多次访问中国,并采访过赵紫阳、杨尚昆、薄一波等,该书很多数字来自中共高层官员。在谈到60年代初的饥荒时,该书引述中共公安部一位资深官员的估算,根据当时全国颁发的“领粮证”计算,有3千万人饿死(后来再没使用“领粮证”)。据前中共中央总书记赵紫阳的估算,“当时饿死的人数在4千3百万到4千6百万之间。”

据中国学者金辉在上海大学文学院出版的《社会》月刊(1993年4、5月合刊号)发表的“三年自然灾害的备忘录”中的数字:“1959到1961年之间,全中国非正常死亡人数可能在4千零40万至4千3百19万之间。”

金辉提出的4千3百19万,是迄今学者估算的最高数字,由于金辉的数字是从中国国家统计局公布的各年度人口总数、出生率、死亡率为基础及调查推算得出,而且是在中共官方刊物上发表,因此比较引人注目(该杂志因刊载此文随后遭当局查禁)。

四、中共建政第四期(1966至1980年)

据上述黎安友所著《中国的民主》中的数字:在文化大革命期间,有300万干部被定错,30万被定罪(多数定为反革命);该书引述中共中央总书记胡耀邦对南斯拉夫记者所说——“当时有约一亿人受株连,占中国人口的十分之一。”

据《华盛顿邮报》记者邵德廉上述调查报导中引述的数据:中共总书记胡耀邦说文革死了100万人。

据上述索尔兹伯里的《新皇帝们:毛和邓时代的中国》中的数字:1987年10月他在北京采访中共高干陈汉生时得知,在中央文革小组负责人陈伯达煽动讲话后的1967年12月26日那天,仅在北京东部,就有8万4千人被批斗,其中2千9百53人被打死。陈汉生说,在文革十年中,有400万人被迫害致死。仅在广西,就有6万7千5百多人被打死。在北京大兴县,1967年8月26日及随后几个星期,有125人被拖到街上批斗,22户全家被打死,300多人被迫害致死。

据前述中共中央党史研究室等合编的《建国以来历史政治运动事实》的报告中的数字:“1984年5月,中共中央又经过两年零七个月的全面调查、核实,重新统计的文革有关数字是420万余人被关押审查;172万8千余人非正常死亡;13万5千余人被以现行反革命罪判处死刑;武斗中死亡23万7千余人,703万余人伤残;7万1千2百余个家庭整个被毁。”

按照上述数字,文革中的死亡人数在中共官方报告的(合计)210万人到陈汉生估算的400万人之间。。

五、中共建政第五期(1989年及之后)

“六四”屠杀中到底有多少人丧生,至今中国政府没有公布。上述纪思道和伍洁芳合著的《中国觉醒了》谈到“六四”死亡人数时说,根据北京一些医生提供的资讯,估算遇难者在400到800之间,几千人受伤。纪思道对此感叹说,即使按保守的400人估算,也超过整个19世纪中国政府所杀的抗议学生总数。纪思道书中引述美国国务院的数字是约3千人在六四事件中丧生。

1996年出版的加拿大《环球邮报》(Globe and Mail)记者黄明珍(Jan Wong)的回忆录《神州怨》(Red China Blues)中的数字:“在六四后的6月8日,我进入北京工人医院,那里的医生说,太平间里堆积至少100具尸体,医院又增加了一些冰柜,每个能装4具尸体,也都塞满了,但仍不够用。”

1996年12月18日,美国参议院就天安门屠杀举行听证会,在会上做证的前《时代》周刊驻北京采访主任艾克曼(David Aikman)说:一位元合众国际社记者在六四之后三天内,曾打电话给北京的几家医院询问死亡人数,最多一家医院说有323人死亡。

1996年12月12日美国《田纳西论坛报》(Tennessee Tribune)的社论引述国际红十字会的估计说:“六四之夜,至少有3千7百人死亡。”

1998年6月4日莫斯科出版的周报《绝密的说法》刊载了俄国著名东方问题专家达佛洛夫斯基谈“六四事件”的文章。达佛洛夫斯基在1989年曾作为顾问陪同戈巴契夫访问北京。该文说,“根据当时苏联情报部门的估计,六四事件中死亡人数约3千多人。”

1999年,北京中国人民大学副教授丁子霖已经具体调查到“六四受难者名单”有155名,还有65名伤残者名单(《见证屠杀,寻求正义六四伤残者和死难者家属证词》,纽约“中国人权”1999年6月出版)。

“六四”屠杀之后,不仅有立即的处决,而且像以往一样,每年中共都处决大批人,其处决的数量,超过全球其它国家处决的人数总和。

六、对蒙古人的屠杀

内蒙古、西藏和新疆这三个最重要的其它民族居住区,非正常死亡数据更被当局控制。近年则有一些资料出现,值得专项介绍。

据解放军军事检察院副检察长、中央军委法制局局长图门(蒙古人,曾参与审理林彪、江青等大案)和中国艺术研究院学者祝东力合写的《康生和“内人党”冤案》一书引用1980年11月发表的《中华人民共和国最高检察院特别检察厅起诉书》中的数字:“内蒙古自治区因内人党等冤案,有34万6千多人遭迫害,1万6千2百22人被迫害致死。”该书举例说,“1969年内蒙古图克公社有2961人,被打成内人党的就有926人,占懂事人的71%,被活活打死的有409人,严重伤残270人。”(该书1995年底由中共中央党校出版,随后被当局查禁)。

据旅居纽约的蒙古学者清格尔图(Tsengelt Gonchigsuren)1999年撰写的长达20页的研究报告《中共对蒙古人的大屠杀》(Chinese Genocide Against Mongols)引述纽约人权组织“亚洲观察”的数字,文革中,内蒙古有5万多人被迫害致死。这个数据比上述中共官方数据高出三倍多。据清格尔图的研究推算,在中共统治下,有15万多蒙古人被迫害致死。

七、对西藏人的屠杀

1959年,因中共强行对西藏进行社会主义改造而导致全西藏起义,起义遭严酷镇压。据前美国《新闻周刊》记者艾夫唐(John F. Avedon)1984年在伦敦出版的专著《雪域境外流亡记》(In Exile from the Land of Snows)引用藏人游击队在伏击中缴获的中共西藏军区政治部编写的《西藏状况教育基本教材》中的数字:“1959年3月到10月间,解放军消灭了西藏叛乱份子8万7千人。”(西藏人民出版社1988年3月出版了该书中文版,但随后被当局查禁、收缴。)

据贝克尔《饿鬼》一书引用的已故第十世班禅喇嘛说法,1959年西藏人起义被镇压后,全西藏15%的人被逮捕(每个村子有8百到一千人被抓走),其中近一半死在狱中。该书说,当时西藏(不是中共后来划分的“西藏自治区”,而是原有的西藏三区——康区、卫藏、安多)的总人口约340万。班禅喇嘛所说的15%,就等于有51万人被逮捕,其中25万人死于狱中。

1959年藏人起义被镇压后,接着就是60年代初的饥荒,藏人在监狱中死亡比例很大。《饿鬼》一书有专章谈藏人在监狱中的死亡数字:“甘肃省甘南县的一个寺庙,400名藏人僧侣被逮捕,仅100人幸存,其余都饿死在狱中;在关押藏人的监狱中,死亡率高达40-90%。”“在达赖喇嘛出生地安多(青海平安镇),至少50%的人被饿死。在有100万人口的四川省康定藏人自治州,40万人死于饥饿。在四川的藏人,每5个藏人就有一个死于饥饿。在拉萨郊外的扎奇(Drapchi)监狱,1960年11月到1961年6月之间,1万7千名被关押的藏人,有1万4千人被饿死或迫害致死。”

上述艾夫唐的《雪域境外流亡记》说:“据从甘肃省会兰州北部的劳改营中幸存的人回忆,该地关押的7万藏人,只有一半幸存。甘肃的另一所监狱酒镇(译音Jiuzhen)关押的706名藏人,超过一半饿死。青海省会西宁北部10个小时车路的Vebou劳改营,关押的3万多藏人,其中1万4千人饿死。”

《饿鬼》引述中共民族事务委员会出版的《四十年的民族工作》一书的资料:官方人口普查显示,从1953年到1964年,西藏人口从278万,下降到250万,下降率达10%。该书以同期内蒙人口从140万增加到197万(尽管也有饥荒死亡)的增长比例推算说,西藏人口在1959年高峰期应为340万。但1964年人口普查结果,西藏人口不仅没有增长,反而下降到250万。这中间有90万人“失踪”。去掉1959年随达赖喇嘛逃亡到印度的8万藏人,那么也有80万人“消失”。1961年班禅喇嘛写给毛泽东的万言书,提到西藏人口时说当时有“300万”。即使按300万计算,也有50万人“失踪”,等于每6个西藏人中就有1人死于镇压或饥饿。

达赖喇嘛1991年10月9日在美国耶鲁大学演讲时说:“自1950至1980年,藏人因饥饿、迫害和枪杀,死亡达120万,占全部西藏人口的五分之一,其中34万人死于饥饿,86万人死于迫害、枪杀。”

八、对新疆维族人的屠杀

1961年,新疆伊犁地区爆发了全民暴动。原乌鲁木齐市文联主席、“东土民族中心”执行主席阿不力克木(Abdulhekim)1999年5月底在土耳其的伊斯坦堡市该组织总部接受我采访时说,那场暴动起因是饥饿,“在新疆白城,当时就有6万人被饿死。很多人都是在路上,爬着的状态死的。”当几千名饥饿的民众聚集在伊宁市的伊犁州政府门外呼喊“要粮食”时,中共新疆军区司令王震下令开枪。至今没有人知道到底有多少人死亡,有见证人说,大街上至少有几百具尸体。随后约有15到20万当地人逃离新疆、涌进苏联境内。

1997年2月,伊宁发生暴动。据“国际大赦”组织1999年4月发布的“新疆人权报告”当时有3到5千人被逮捕。有几百人在一个放了水的结冰足球场被关押了几个小时,一位后来逃到土耳其的伊宁市医院女医生,在伊斯坦堡接受我采访时说,“其中有4人冻死,200多人冻伤。”该报告说,“从1997至2001年,(这四年中)在新疆有210人被判死刑,其中190人被枪决。这些被判死刑和枪决的,绝大部份是维吾尔人。”该报告还列出新疆监狱中关押的200多名政治犯(有详细个人资料)的名单。

九、异常死亡人数可能多达8千万

自中共建政以来,到底有多少人被迫害或由于饥饿致死?据上述夏威夷大学教授拉梅尔1991年出版的专著《中国的血腥世纪:1900年以来的浩劫和大屠杀》(China’s Bloody Century:Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900)中的研究推算:毛泽东时代,中国共有4500万人因异常原因死亡,其中2700万人死于“饥荒”,1800万人死于无产阶级专政。

据前述北京“朝华出版社”的《中国“左”祸》一书的数字:“自1949年至1992年,在中共发动的历次运动中被迫害以及因饥饿原因死亡的人数约5千万。”(该书使用了很多中共中央党史研究室和中共中央文献史研究室等部门的原始资料。该书出版后即遭当局查禁)。

据纽约大学“瑞玛克研究所”(Remarque Institute)主任裘蒂特(Tony Judt)1997年12月22日在《纽约时报》发表的文章“通向地狱的漫长之路”(The Longest Road to Hell)中的数字:“在共产中国,可能有6千5百万人异常死亡。”

据前述法国学者考特斯和克雷默编写的《共产主义黑皮书》一书中的数字:“中共建政后中国丧生的总人数,在4450万到7200万人之间。”

据前述《华盛顿邮报》记者邵德廉的长篇调查报导“毛时代的大众死亡”(据各方面调查研究的数据推算出):“自1949年中共建政以来,中国因饥饿、迫害和枪杀而死亡的人数可能有8千万或更多。”

十、历史将审判中共

史达林曾说,死一个人是悲剧,死一百万是个数据。没有比这句话更能代表共产党对生命和屠杀的看法了。

那种残酷的共产主义者,永远也不会把任何死亡数字和每一个具体的生命联在一起。8千万,是个多么大的数字!它是整个二次世界大战丧生人数的2倍半还多。虽然这个数字只是一个概况,但它和实际死亡人数相差不会太悬殊。

除了那些永远消失的生命之外,还有多少人成为终生残废,多少人精神失常,多少人荒废了青春、年华。而那种残酷的洗脑和非人的环境,更使几乎所有在那块土地上生活过的人都在不同程度上感染、发展了兽性的部份。那种对灵魂的扭曲,对人性的摧残,更是永远无法用数字统计和衡量的。

面对这样一个罪恶累累的政党(且至今毫无任何悔意、更绝不向人民认罪、道歉,并且还在继续屠杀!),那些期望它还能改革从善的人们,简直是在做一个和共产主义同样的美梦。

对八千万死者,历史永不会忘记;对于中共的暴行,人类绝不会饶恕!

作者:曹长青  来源:民报

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